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AI，机器学习和深度学习之间有什么区别？(2)

时间：2018-07-23  来源：Oracle   点击： 次
AI，机器学习和深度学习之间有什么区别？人工智能意味着让计算机以某种方式模仿人类的行为。机器学习是AI的子集，它包含使计算机能够从数据中找出事物并交付AI应用程序的技术。同时，深度学习是机器学习的一个子集，它使计算机能够解决更复杂的问题。
What is Deep Learning?
Put simply, deep learning is all about using neural networks with more neurons, layers, and interconnectivity. We’re still a long way off from mimicking the human brain in all its complexity, but we’re moving in that direction.
 
And when you read about advances in computing from autonomous cars to Go-playing supercomputers to speech recognition, that’s deep learning under the covers. You experience some form of artificial intelligence. Behind the scenes, that AI is powered by some form of deep learning.
 
Let’s look at a couple of problems to see how deep learning is different from simpler neural networks or other forms of machine learning.
 
How Deep Learning Works
If I give you images of horses, you recognize them as horses, even if you’ve never seen that image before. And it doesn’t matter if the horse is lying on a sofa, or dressed up for Halloween as a hippo. You can recognize a horse because you know about the various elements that define a horse: shape of its muzzle, number and placement of legs, and so on.
 
Deep learning can do this. And it’s important for many things including autonomous vehicles. Before a car can determine its next action, it needs to know what’s around it. It must be able to recognize people, bikes, other vehicles, road signs, and more. And do so in challenging visual circumstances. Standard machine learning techniques can’t do that.
 
Take natural language processing, which is used today in chatbots and smartphone voice assistants, to name two. Consider this sentence and work out what the last part should be:
 
I was born in Italy and, although I lived in Portugal and Brazil most of my life, I still speak fluent ________.
 
Hopefully you can see that the most likely answer is Italian (though you would also get points for French, Greek, German, Sardinian, Albanian, Occitan, Croatian, Slovene, Ladin, Latin, Friulian, Catalan, Sardinian, Sicilian, Romani and Franco-Provencal and probably several more). But think about what it takes to draw that conclusion.
 
First you need to know that the missing word is a language. You can do that if you understand “I speak fluent…”. To get Italian you have to go back through that sentence and ignore the red herrings about Portugal and Brazil. “I was born in Italy” implies learning Italian as I grew up (with 93% probability according to Wikipedia), assuming that you understand the implications of born, which go far beyond the day you were delivered. The combination of “although” and “still” makes it clear that I am not talking about Portuguese and brings you back to Italy. So Italian is the likely answer.
 
Imagine what’s happening in the neural network in your brain. Facts like “born in Italy” and “although…still” are inputs to other parts of your brain as you work things out. And this concept is carried over to deep neural networks via complex feedback loops.

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